Gopal Vinayak Godse v. The State of Maharashtra and Others

Judgment

SuBBA RAO, J.-This is a petition under Art. 32 of the Constitution for an order in the nature of habeas corpus claiming that the petitioner has justly served his sentence and should, therefore, be released.

On February 10, 1949, the Judge, Special Court, Red Fort, Delhi, convicted the petitioner for offences under s. 3, read with s. 6, of the Explosive Substances Act, under s. 4(b) and s. 5 thereof, and for murder under s. 302, read with s. 109, of the Indian Penal Code; for the first two offences he was sentenced to seven years' rigorous imprisonment and five years' rigorous imprison ment respectively and for the third offence to trans portation for life and all the sentences were directed to run concurrently. After conviction he was impri soned in jails in the State of Punjab till May 19, 1950, and thereafter he was transferred to N asik Road Central Prison in the State of Bombay (now Maha rashtra). According to the petitioner, he has earned the following remissions up to September 30, 1960:

(a) Ordinary remission 836 days (b) Special re_mission 206 days (c) Physical training remission 113 days (d) Literary remission 108 days (e) Annual good conduct remission 250 days

(f) Sta,te remission 1380 days The total of the remissions earned is 2,893 days; but the State in its counter-affidavit state that the peti tioner has earned up to the said date remission of 2,963 days. The figure given by the State may be accepted as correct for the purpose of this petition. If the amount of remissions thus earned was added to the term of imprisonment the petitioner has actually served, the aggregate would exceed 20 years, and even if only the State remission was added to it, it would exceed 15 years. The petitioner, claiming that under the relevant provisions governing his imprisonment bis further detention in jail would be illegal, prays that he might be set at liberty forthwith. The State, while conceding that he had earned remissions affidavit that the remissions earned did not entitle him to be released and that under the rules the question of his release would be considered only after he complet ed 15 years' actual imprisonment.

The petitioner argued his case in person. He rejected the help of an advocate as amicus curiae to assist him. In the circumstances, his argument was based more on emotional plane than on legal basis. But as the liberty of a citizen is involved, we have gone through the relevant provisions and considered the possible conten tions that. may be raised on the basis of the said provisions.

The first question that falls to be decided is whe ther, under the relevant statutory provisions, au accused who was sentenced to transportation for life, could legally be imprisoned in cne of the jails in India ; and if so, what was the term for which he could be so imprisoned. We shall briefly notice the relevant provi sions of the Indian Penal Code before it was amended by the Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act XXVI of 1955. Section 53 of the Indian Penal Code set out six different punishments to which offenders were liable. The second of those punish ments was transportation and the fourth was impri sonment which was of two descriptions, namely, rigo rous and simple. The word" transportation " was not defined in the Indian Penal Code, but it was for life with two exceptions. Under s. 55 of the Indian Penal Code, "In every case in which sentence of transporta tion for life shall have been passed, the Provincial Government of the Province within which the offender shall have been sentenced may, without the c01rnent of the offender, commute the punishment for imprison ment of either description for a term not exceeding fourteen years." Under s. 58 thereof, in every case in which a sentence of transportation was passed, the offender, until he was transported, should be dealt with in the same manner as if sentenced to rigorous imprisonment and should be held to have been under going his sentence of transportation during the term of his imprisonment. It was averred on behalf of the commuted under s. 55 of the Indian Penal Code or under s. 402 {l) of the Code of Criminal Procedure to oneofrigorous imprisonment. We have no reason for not accE,pting this statement. On that basis, a ques tion ari;es whether the petitioner, who was sentenced to transportation, could be dealt with legally as if he were a person sentenced to rigorous imprisonment. This question was raised before the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in Pandit Kishori Lal v. King. Emperor (1). After considering the history of the sen tence of transportation, the relevant provisions of the Indian Penal Code, the Code of Criminal Procedure and the Prisons Act, th<> Privy Council came to the conclusion that the said provisions made it plain that when a sentence of transportation had been passed it was no longer necessarily a sentence of transportation beyond the seas. It was observed at p. 9 thus:

"But at the present day transportation is in truth but a name given in India to a sentence for life and, in a few special cases, for a lesser period, just as in England the term imprisonment is applied to all sentences which do not exceed two years and penal servitude to those of three years and upwards ...... ............ ...... So, in India, a prisoner sentenced to transportation may be sent to the Andamans or may be kept in one of the jails in India appointed for transportation prisoners, where he will be dealt with in the same manner as a prisoner sentenced to

rigorous imprisonment."

In view of this weighty authority with which we agree, it is not necessary to consider the relevant provisions, particularly in view of s. 53A of the Indian Penal Code which has been added by Act XXVI of 1955. Section 53A of tb e said Code reads :

"(l). ........

(2) In every casein which a sentence of transporta tion for a term has been passed before the commence ment of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Amend ment) Act, 1954, the offender shall be dealt with in the same manner as if sentenced to rigorous 1mpn

sonment for the same term."

contention that a person sentenced to transportation

Gopal Vinayak could not be legally made to undergo rigorous im prisonment in a jail in India except temporarily till he was so transported, subsequent to the said amendment there is none. Under that section, a person transport ed for life or any other term before the enactment of the said section would be treated as a person sentenced to rigorous imprisonment for life or for the said term.

If so, the next question is whether there is any pro viflion of law whereunder a sentence for life impri,on ment, without any formal remission by appropriate Government, oa n be automatically treated as one for a definite period No such provision is found in the Indian Penal Code, Code of Criminal Procedure or the Prisons Act. Though the Government of India stated before the .Judicial Committee in the case cited supra that, having regard to s. 57 of the Indian Penal Code, 20 years' imprisonment was equivalent to a sentence of transportation for life, the Judicial Committee did not express its final opinion on that question. The Judicial Committee observed in that case thus at p. 10:

" Assuming that the sentence is to be regarded as one of twent.y years, and subject to remission for good conduct, he had not earned remission sufficient to entitle him to discharge at the time of his appli cation, and it was therefore rightly dismissed, but in saying this, their Lordships are not to be taken as meaning that a life sentence must and in all cases be treated as one of not more than twenty years, or

that the convict is necessarily entitled to remission." Section 57 of the Indian Penal Code has no real bearing the question raised before us. For calculat ing fractions uf terms of punishment the section pro vides that transportation for life shall be regarded as equivalent to imprisonment. for twenty years. It does not say that transportation for life shall be deemed to be transportation for twenty years for all purposes ; nor does the amended section which substitutes the words "imprisonment for life " for " transportation for life" enable the drawing of any such all-embracing fiction. sentenee of transportation for life or transportation or imprisonment for the whole of the remaining period of the convicted person's natural life.

It is said that the Bombay rules governing the remission system substituted a definite period for life imprisonment and, therefore, if the aggregate of the term actually served exceeds the said period, the person would be entitled to be released. To appreciate this contention the relevant Bombay rules may be read. ·

Release. Rule 934. " In n,ll cases of premature releases, orders under Section 401, Criminal Proce dure Code, will have to b!) issued by Government before·the prisoners can actually be released from Jail."

R·ule 937. (c ) " When a life con vi ct or a prisoner in whose case the State Government has passed an order forbidding his release without reference to it, has earned such remission as would entitle him to relea"e but for the provisions of this .rule, the Superintendent shall report accordingly to the State Government through the Inspector-General in order that his case may be considered with reference to Section 401 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898." The Remission System: Rule 1419. (c) "A sentence of transportation for life shall ordinarily be taken as 15 yea.rs' actual imprisonment."

Review of Sentences: Rule 1447. (2) "Notwith standing anything contained in rule 1419 no prisoner who has been sentenced to transportation for life or inore than 14 years, imprisonment or to transporta tion and imprisonment or to transportation and imprisonment for terms exceeding in the aggregate 14 years shall be released on completion of his term of transportation or imprisonment or both, as the case may be, including all remissions unless a report with respect to such prisoner has beAn made under sub-rule (l) and orders of Government have been received thereon with regard to the date of his final

release."

It is common case that the said rules were ma.de under the Prisons Act, 1894, and that they have on any authority a power to commute or remit sentences; it provides only for the regulation of prisons and for the treatment of prisoners confined therein. Section 59 of the Prisons Act confers a power on the State Government to make rules, inter alia, for rewards for good conduct. Therefore, the rules made under the Act should be construed within the scope of the ambit of the Act. The rules, inter alia, provide for three types of remissions by way of rewards for good conduct, namely, (i) ordinary, (ii) special and

(iii) State. For the working out of the ,said remissions under rule l419(c), transportation for life is ordinarily to be taken as 15 years' actual impri~onment. The rule cannot be construed as a statutory equation of 15 years' actual imprisonment for transportation for life. The equation is only for a particular purpose, namely, for the purpose of " remission system " a.nd not for all purposes. The word " ordinarily" in the rule also supports the said construction. The non obstante clause in sub-rule (2) of rule 1447 reiterates tha.t notwithstanding anything containAd in rule 1419 no prisoner ~ho has been sentenced to tra.nsporta.tion for life shall be released on completion of his term unless orders of Government have been received on a. report submitted to it. This also indicates tha.t the period of 15 years' a.ctua.l imprisonment specified in the rule is only for the purpose of calculating the remission and tha.t the completion of the term on that ha.sis does not ipso faclo confer a.ny right upon the prisoner to release. The order of Government con templated in rule 1447 in the case of a. prisoner sentenced to tra.nsporta.tion for life ca.n only be an order under s. 401 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, for in the ca.se of a. sentence of transportation for life the release of the prisoner can legally be effected only by remitting the entire ha.la.nee of the sentence. Rules 934 a.nd 937(c) provide for tha.t contingency. Under the sa.id rules the orders of an a.ppropria.te Government under s. 401, Criminal Pruceuure Code, a.re a. pre requisite for a. release. No other rule ha.s been brought to our notice which confers a.u indefeasible right on a. unconditional release on the expiry of a particular term including remissions. The rules under the Prisons Act do not substitute a lesser sentence for a sentence of transportation for life.

Briefly stated the legal position is this: Before Act XXVI of 1955 a sentence of transportation for life Subba Rao .f. con Id be undergone by a prisoner by way of rigorous imprisonment for life in a designated prison in India.

After the said Act, such a convict shall be dealt with in the same manner as one sentenced to rigorous imprisonment for the same term. Unless the said sentence is commuted or remitted by appropriate authority under the relevant provisions of the [ndian Penal Code or the Code of Criminal Procedure, a prisoner sentenced to life imprisonment is bound in law to serve the life term in prison. The rules framed under the Prisons Act enable such a prisoner to earn remissions-ordinary, special and State-and the said remissions will be given credit towards his term of imprisonment. For the purpose of working out the remissions the sentence of transportation for life is ordinarily equated with a definite period, but it is only for that particular purpose and not for any other purpose. As the sentence uf transportation for life or its prison equivalent, the life imprisonment, is one of indefinite duration, the remissions so earned do not in practice help such a convict as it is not possible to predicate the time of his death. That is why the rules provide for a procedure to enable the appro priate Government to remit the sentence under s. 401 of the Code of Criminal Procedure on a consideration of the relevant factors, including the period of remissions earned. The questiun of remission is exclu sively within the province of the appropriate Govern ment; and in this case it is admitted that, though the appropriate Government made certain remissions under s. 401 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, it did not remit the entire sentence. We, therefore, hold that the petitioner has not yet acquired any right to release, the mercy of the appropriate Government and that the said Government, out of spite, might not remit the balance of his sentence, with the result that he would be deprived of the fruits of remissions earned by him

Subba Rao]. for sustained good conduct, useful service and evPn donation of blood. The Constitution as well as the Code of Criminal Procedure confer the power to remit a sentence on the executive Government and it is in its exclusive province. \Ve cannot assume that the appropriate Government will not exercise its jurisdic tion in a reasonable manner.

For the foregoing reasons we hold that the peti tioner is under legal detention and the petition for habeas corpus is not maintainable. The petition is dismissed.

Petition dismissed. RABIABAI v.

THE CUSTODIAN-GENERAL OF EVACUEE PROPERTY.

(P. B. GAJENDRAGADKAR, A. K. SARKAR,

K. SUBB:. RAO, K. N. W ANCHOO and

J. R. MUDHOLKAR, JJ.)